The Forever Enslaved Africans African American Civil War...

The Forever Enslaved Africans Many say that the American Civil War was fought to free the black slaves. The Union won and declared all slaves free. Although they were named free slaves, African Slaves have never been fully set free, according to the standards of the multi-Cultural American white people. That is the purpose of this paper: ‘Free’ Black Slaves never got the freedom the Union fought for. Who were Black Slaves? The black slaves get their name simply because they have more melatonin in their skin than most Europeans and Asians. Most Black Slaves came from according to the Europeans, the ‘Golden Coast of Africa’ which is the West Coast of Africa. Today the present countries of Senegal and Gambia are located here. The Europeans came to the Golden Coast and trading or captured tribes and dragged them on their ships to be sold as slaves in Europe, the West Indies, or the Americas. The captured Africans were held in nets with banded hand and legs- treated worse than a vicious fish. Then they were placed into bottom of smelly and infected ships that had no light and very little starchy food. They were chained to floor boards of bed boards with practically no space to move around for months. At times, over 600 slaves were shipped in a single ship across the Atlantic Ocean. At the beginning of the voyage, many captured Africans got sick and died or died because of so much trauma. According to Henry Louis Gates Jr., an estimate of 12.5 million African slaves were shippedShow MoreRelatedEssay on African Americans Influence on Civil War618 Words   |  3 Pagesway the African Americans shaped the course and consequences of the Civil War? African Americans helped shape the civil war in many ways. In fact, they were basically the underlying cause for the war in the first place. 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While the United States, has made no effort to repay the African American descendants, any reparations. Slavery in American is forever deeply rooted in its history. American slavery did not start when it was discovered;Read MoreThe Civil War: Then and Now1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War: Then and Now The Civil War that occurred was one of the darkest times in our history as a country. It was a time where there was a complete breakdown of social and political systems. Hundreds of thousands were killed and hundreds of thousands more were aversely affected. However, it was also a time of remembrance and significant moral progress. It is remembered as the turning point in American History and would be the foundation for the Civil Rights movement many years later. ThereRead MoreThe Birth Of A Nation1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe rise of the Ku Klux Klan who â€Å"saved† the South from being dictated by blacks during the Reconstruction era when the North tried to rebuild the South after the Civil War. Now, that title poises a new movie written, directed, produced, and starring actor Nate Parker that dramatizes the 1831 slave rebellion led by enslaved African-American Nat Turner. The movie was a serious success at 2016 Sundance Film Festival in Utah. It not only won the festival’s Grand Jury Prize; picked up an â€Å"Audience Award†;Read MoreThe Cotton Gin1708 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical goal, which was not recognized until after the destruction of the Civil War and the process of the Thirteenth Amendment. Without the ability to practice slavery, it seems like the South would have never enjoyed the kind of economic success that existed before the Civil War. 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Mestizaje and Its Critics Free Essays

A word of many definitions and implications, mestizaje is usually associated with regions that have a history of Spanish or European colonization. It is an issue that has been concealed, denied, and debated upon in the cultural, social, and political sense in these colonized regions. Common issues related to this ideology are racism, racial discrimination, chauvinism, and the like. We will write a custom essay sample on Mestizaje and Its Critics or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this particular paper, the focus group of such ideology would be more on Latin America and the Afro-population or the black since this group mostly experienced the effects of the consequences of such prejudice.   Ariel Dulitzky’s A Region in Denial: Racial Discrimination and Racism in Latin America talks about Latin America’s refusal to tackle the issue on racism and racial discrimination. It summarizes the kinds of denials that this region executes to find their way out before or when getting into discussions about the issues mentioned earlier. These denials are categorized in three: literal denial, interpretive denial, and justificatory denial. Literal denial, as the name implies, is the rejection of the thought that racism exists.   The government does not acknowledge the presence of â€Å"race†, therefore making the existence of racism null. The second category, interpretive denial has four subcategories. In the first, it is not the color of the skin or the race but the social status of the person/group that is being criticized.   This denial is euphemism.   The next one, legislative, is somewhat related to the first category. It is said that there are no laws made about racial discrimination because there is no need for such for the reason that they don’t segregate the race of people. Some argue that there are very few complaints about discrimination.   Maybe because the public is not aware about laws and sanctions, if there are any, regarding acts of racial discrimination. The third category is denial of responsibility. This is when the government says that discriminating acts, or whatever they may want to call it, are due to old practices or traditions. The last category is called just isolated events. An explanation of this would be to say that these events of racism eventually happened just at this day and at this time. There is the denial that it, racism, happened in the past, therefore there can be no way that they can be called a racist region. The last category would be justificatory denial. From its root word â€Å"justify†, people who do this either rationalize things or point a finger to the victims themselves. People in control indicate that they belong to a mixed race, thus racial segregation does not exist. Despite all these denials, the Convention Against Racism or the â€Å"Convention† pulled some strings to help these regions and the victims acknowledge that racial discrimination really does exist. Luckily, the effort became an eye opener to others. For the first time, debates about racism were done and more groups were created to protect and implement the Convention’s regulations against racial discrimination. Associated with a region’s ability to discriminate is the huge question about that region’s identity. One article that talks about Latin America’s national and cultural identity is that written by Lourdes Martinez-Echazabal. She discusses the different view points of writers of the same nationality, Cubans, to be particular, pertaining to national identity and racial discrimination together with its effects on people’s actions and beliefs. In the given time, 1845-1959, the Afro-population had been identified with anything negative – the poor, the brainless, the filthy, and the barbaric. As a result of this notion, the end to slave trade was once made in an attempt to stop the multiplication of the Afro-population in Latin America since more black people implied an uncivilized and diseased region that would hinder if not stop the social and cultural development of communities in their region. Some writers thought that crossbreeding with people of lighter complexion was a step towards civilization. They were into making reforms with the colonizers. On the contrary, the other group of writers was after the independence of the region. They do this by not looking at the man’s color to judge his/her moral values or legal status. They use this argument of having a national identity, just one color regardless the mixture of race or color of the skin. Interaction and socialization among different races were encouraged in making a better and enlightened society. To be more particular, an article by Charles Hale focused on this region divided into what they call the ladinos and Mayas, ladinos being the ones with the whiter skin and European mix, and the Indians as the Mayas. As narrated in Hale’s publication, the ladinos used to be the superior group in the past decades, and the Mayas being the inferior one. Interaction of ladinos with Mayas is prohibited by the ladino elders. As time passed by, there had been some changes in the political and social set up of Guatamela. There were Maya cultural activists that fight for their cultural rights. Some ladinos changed their perspectives about the Mayas by somehow respecting the latter’s religious belief such as the fiesta of their patron saint for a start. Racism was definitely gearing towards the Mayas, but due to the number in population with the Mayas taking up considerably the higher percentage of the population, the ladinos started to become confused if they really are the reigning race. The people interviewed by Hale were still hesitant, somehow, when asked about the cultural discrimination against the Mayans. Their answers were unsure maybe because there is no certainty on the cultural development of their region. Confused answers to simple cultural questions were provided. Confused people with confused cultural beliefs would definitely result to complications in interest and one confused country. It is amazing how these writers distort ideas and beliefs. From the denial, to the national identity, to the confused region, now, we have another twist of things about mestizaje and cultural and national identity. Saldaà ±a-Portillo’s arguments, still, are about mestizaje and how particular regions react to it. In her publication, mestizaje is promoted as a step towards citizenship, towards establishment of national culture. In the past reviews, it is usually the â€Å"whites† dominating or taking over the â€Å"blacks†. However in this case, it is still true that Indians are viewed as a sign of an uncivilized community, but some things are viewed the differently. Not that these Indians literally taking over the region and the government, but these colonizers, the Spanish and the Europeans, actually being taken over by the Indians in other perspectives. It is about the women colonizers and the Indian men, Spanish not being the first language, and a biological trace in history. Discussion about women having their roles and rights in the community, for the first time, were mentioned and discussed upon for these â€Å"rights† might be at odds with their group’s statute. Ethnic groups were also given right to the land they lived on. Regardless these new points that might unite certain regions, mestizaje would remain to be seen as these regions accept one another regardless the race, the face, or the beliefs. I must admit that racial discrimination, despite all the efforts to avoid and fight it, still exists up to this day. There are similarities in situations in these articles. These readings are mostly about the search and battle for cultural and national identity mostly of people in the Latin American region. The Afro-population or the â€Å"black† as others would commonly label their group, is often, if not mostly deprived of access to property, media, and means of production. I agree when they say that you shouldn’t judge a book by its cover. It’s the same with people – don’t judge a person by his color because a person is more than just the color of his skin or the details of his face. There is the spirit. There are the values. Maybe the good thing about classifying people is when they are proud to be of that race not because they are whiter or taller, but because people from their region, their race has done something good and inspiring that effect people of other race or region. It is when that person is proud to be of that race because his people have helped so many deprived others. But how often do these things happen? How often does a person become proud because he has â€Å"Indian† features? This is one proof that racial discrimination has been in existentfor so long that it has been part of our practices and to think and establish such notions. Generalization should be avoided because this starts the heating debate and fight about discrimination. Every human being is different, unique. It just so happened that he/she possesses such features, that he/she was born on that region. Nevertheless, that person is no different from you and me. Mestizaje has affected so many races, if not all of them, that it actually is a part of life, of history, of the lives even of the first people on earth.. It is inevitable because it is human nature socialize, and interact. The good thing about the present is having institutions against racism, acknowledgment of the problem, and awareness that the system applies sanctions to violators because it does not tolerate such prejudice. It is good to know that with these things, we need not be afraid for our children and our children’s children because there are people to protect them and fight for them. However, when can we really say that we, our children, and the coming generations would be free from hatred? From prejudice? From undergoing the inequality we had been experiencing since time immemorial? When? Works Cited Dulitzky, Ariel. A Region in Denial: Racial Discrimination and Racism in Latin America†, Neither Enemies Nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos. Ed. A. Dziedzienyo and S. Oboler. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. pp.39-60. Hale, Charles. â€Å"Travel Warning: Elite Appropriations of Hybridity, Mestizaje, Antiracism, Equality, and Other Progressive-sounding Discourses in High Land Guatamela.† Journal of American Folklore. 112. 445 (Summer 1999): 297-315. Martinez-Echazabal, Lourdes. â€Å"Mestizaje and the Discourse of National/Cultural Identity in Latin America, 1845-1959.† Latin American Perspectives. 100 vols. 25.3 (May 1998). 21-42. Saldaà ±a-Portillo, Josefina. â€Å"Who’s the Indian in Aztlan? Re-Writing Mestizaje, Indianism, and Chicanismo from Lacandon.† The Latin American Subaltern Studies Reader. Ed. I.Rodriguez. NC: Duke University Press, 2001. pp.402-423. How to cite Mestizaje and Its Critics, Essay examples

Global Financial Crisis and Economic

Question: Discuss about the Global Financial Crisis and Economic. Answer: Introduction: The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) also known as the global economic crisis that began in July 2007 was caused by the credit crunch. It was the result of a loss of faith by the investors of the United States of America in the value of sub-prime mortgages. This has caused a liquidity crisis. Many economists have compared this financial crisis with the Great Depression of the 1930s. This was followed by the US Federal Bank injecting an enormous amount of capital in the financial markets. In September 2008, when the stock markets around the globe crashed and became volatile, the situation deteriorated. The housing market of many developed nations suffered, which resulted in evictions and unemployment in countries like America. Australia avoided the consequences of the crisis with some early measurements taken by the authorities. Australia not only bypassed this lean period, but also passed the test of economic strength with flying colors. According to some economists like John Quiggin, w hen most of the countries in the world faced recession, Australia did not. The leading roles were played by the Federal Government, the Reserve Bank of Australia and foreign trade. Discussion: On September 14, 2008, Lehman Brothers collapsed which marked the beginning of the Global Financial Crisis. The governments struggled to rescue the affected institutions facing grave liquidity issues. This situation stayed for a while. The government of Australia announced the first of its "stimulus packages" which were targeted to fire up the torpid economy. The government of United States even proposed to use $700bn of the taxpayers money to revive the investment bankers but failed to pass because of some members of US Congress. By the month October of 2008, people started investing in massive amounts on gold, bonds, Euro, US dollar assuming those were safer alternatives to the stock market and housing market (Fratzscher 2012). In January of 2009, the Australian government proposed another "stimulus package," pledging to give cash handouts to taxpayers. The government has designed to spend more capital on long-term infrastructure projects. The Australian Ex-Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, and Ex-Treasurer Wayne Swan presented their first response budget against the global financial crisis. Their primary objective of this budget was to fight inflation which became a major problem in the domestic economy at the time. The Rudd government announced guaranteed bank deposits in October of 2008. When the Australian economy was about to face a recession, the government announced the stimulus package of $10.4 billion. The package consisted of payments to seniors and families. In December of that year, the payments were made. The payments were made just before the Christmas so that spending will increase (Haas and Lelyveld 2014). According to the Keynesian economy, Aggregate Demand in an open economy = C + I + G + (X-M); where C = Consumption, I = Investment, G = Government expenditure, X = Export, and M = Import. In the case of an autarkic economy (X-M) is not included. The idea was to increase the aggregate demand as well as the output of the economy to avoid the crisis. By increasing government spending and payments, C and G will increase. It will have a joint effect on the GDP of the country. The figure below shows that the increase in government expenditure is shifting the demand curve outward increasing the autarkic aggregate output of the economy from Q1 to Q2. The C and the G shows the increased consumption and the government expenditure levels. This increase will help the economy to avoid the Global Financial Crisis (Mankiw 2016). Figure 1: Shift of Demand Source: (As created by the author). "The first home buyers grant was doubled to $14,000 for existing houses and tripled to $21,000 for new houses" (Subedi 2016). The automotive industry needed help as the major investors had withdrawn from the market for good. The banks had to fill up the gap. The situation was yet to improve. This made the government introduce the second, a larger than the previous stimulus package. In February 2009, the Australian government allocated $47 billion to support the economy. This package consisted of "$14.7 billion for schools, $14.7 billion for schools, $6.6 billion for 20,000 new homes, $3.9 billion to insulate 2.7 million homes, $890 million for road repairs and infrastructure, $2.7 billion in small business tax breaks, $12.7 billion for cash bonuses. $950 for every Australian taxpayer who earned less than $80,000 was announced to be paid out in March and April 2009" (Shiller 2012). The reason behind this huge spending is the significant portion of the population who were retirees, pre-retirees, nervous investors. The retirees were living off their pensions or savings. When the crisis hit the economy, they could not replace the loss with new salary. Their wasted investments reduced their living expenses and reduced their standard of living. The pre-retirees had restricted time left to pull them up from the crisis to the place they were before, financially. The timing of the retirement of many workers was changed due to the Global Financial Crisis. The nervous investors risked selling at the lowest price, which was not the best decision available (Ollivaud and Turner 2015). The Global financial crisis led to inflation. To keep the rate of inflation at a manageable point, the Reserve Bank of Australia began to monitor the interest rate. While the rate of interest stretched towards zero in some countries, it remained steady at Australia at 7.25 percent until the year 2008. In the year 2008, the Reserve Bank of Australia reduced the interest rate by full percentage points. The policy settings in Australia are very accommodative, and the policy rate of interest reached a record low of 2 percent (Benchimol and Andr 2016). The Reserve Bank of Australia regularly kept track of it to ensure that low rate of interest acts to support both borrowing and spending. It also notes that low rate of interest serves to sustain that the credit accessibility is not restricted. The overall financial situation was very stimulatory as well as strong with a significant lift in economic growth force. The budget in Australia was in deficit (Cukierman 2013). The Rudd government d eclared that it would assure back deposits while the economy faces recession. The Australian government declared the first economic stimulus package this time. As the Global Financial Crisis intensified, the Australian dollar contracted rapidly and declined over 30 percent. This urged the Reserve Bank of Australia to interrupt the market to improve liquidity. In the year 2009, this helped the Australian dollar to recover indicating the comparative strength of the Australian financial system. Ex-Prime Minister Rudd wrote a comprehensive essay during the Global Financial Crisis in the year 2008 addressing the citizens regarding the crisis (Wanna 2015). During the Global Financial Crisis, a million of Australian jobs vanished. The high unemployment level pushed the Australian dollar to its lowest level in more than three years. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, unemployment had risen due to more than 223,900 workers losing their jobs in the year 2008 prompting the unemployment rate 4.5 percent (Parker 2013). Australia steered away the crisis through the recession not only by taking help from the government provided stimulus but also from its exports. Other countries like Germany and Japan witnessed drops in their exports by 22 percent and 46 percent respectively. Exports in the US also decreased over 22 percent and in the mass terms, world trade fell 7.1 percent. However, simultaneously in this scenario export in Australia decreased by only 1.9 percent in the year 2008. The reasons behind this are India, China, Japan, and South Korea take 45 percent of total Australian exports, and the total export represents over 10 percent of the nation's GDP. Another major factor that saved Australia was the strength of the Australian economy that was mainly due to the government's measures resulting from the absence of fall of any major Australian financial institution. The deadly liabilities that tainted the financial system of the rest of the world were largely absent from the Australian financial system (Paramati, Roca and Gupta 2016). Social-democratic governments mainly face the continuing challenges that tie together the power of the market to add to investment, innovation and productivity growth. This is merged with an active regulatory structure that manages risk, improves market failure and provides public goods. Australia is called the miracle economy as it was able to overcome recession during the Global Financial Crisis. The overall reason that associated with the good performance of the economy was the marvelous economic management system by the authorities (Foster 2016). Year GDP (real) with Stimulus (tn) Dec-08 311 Mar-09 314 Jun-09 315 Sep-09 316 Dec-09 320 Table 1: Real GDP with stimulates. Source: (As created by the author) Figure 2: GDP (Real) with Stimulus Level (tn) over the year 2009 Source: (As created by the Author). The figure above displays that stimulus affected the path of growth positively. The collision of stimulus has been aimed by allocated spending as close as attainable to when stimulus funds were spent. The figure also exhibits the level of real GDP as well as the likely impact of stimulates. The slope of the lines can assume the result of GDP growth. In December 2008, the graph exhibited a deeper downturn. In the month of March, the chart indicates that there has been no increase in the economy. The loose monetary policy, a low rate of exchange and stimulus in China were more than to avoid recession. The recession in Australia was also avoided by a cumulative of $7 billion from September 2008 to December 2009 (Lavoie and Stockhammer 2013). Although, the economy did not experience the recession during the Global Financial Crisis, however, it recognized a very sharp fall in the month of December in 2008. There was other measures helped Australia to stay away from recession during the time of crisis. One of them is that Australia did not have any issue related to the election in national level. The Australian policymakers also foretold the coming recession, as they were intensely connected to global financial developments (Lindquist, de Vries and Wanna 2015). Australia also formed a separate prudential controller for economic establishments. This, in turn, produced a strong background of the micro-prudential controller that can efficiently prevent the emergence of sub-prime finance. It also ensures the capital supply of the banks in Australia via general stress (Han 2016). As a result, the domestic sub-prime exposures by the banks in Australia were trivial during the global financial crisis. A flexible rate of exchange was able to absorb a large peripheral shock. The change in the monetary policy influences the economic growth; however, it spread approximately evenly over the two years after the modification (Frankel and Saravelos 2012). Conclusion: The economy of Australia is noticeably the more elastic than most of the developed countries' economies. The banks in Australia have defended to be more profitable and as a result, they have not required any capital 'injection' from the Australian government. The main reason that saved Australia from the Global Financial Crisis included the pre-existing strength of the finances of the Australian economy. It has also been concluded that the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank led to the bubble burst that caused the crisis. The robustness of the banking system in Australia has been made possible by the efficiency of the monetary as well as the fiscal policies, which strengthened the backbone of the economy. The trading sector of the country also played a huge role to hold the economy from slipping into the well of the crisis. References: Benchimol, J. and Andr, F., 2016. Nominal income versus Taylor-type rules in practice. Cukierman, A., 2013. Monetary policy and institutions before, during, and after the global financial crisis. Journal of Financial Stability, 9(3), pp.373-384. Foster, J., 2016. The Australian growth miracle: an evolutionary macroeconomic explanation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40(3), pp.871-894. Frankel, J. and Saravelos, G., 2012. Can leading indicators assess country vulnerability? Evidence from the 200809 global financial crisis. Journal of International Economics, 87(2), pp.216-231. Fratzscher, M., 2012. Capital flows, push versus pull factors and the global financial crisis. Journal of International Economics, 88(2), pp.341-356. Haas, R. and Lelyveld, I., 2014. Multinational banks and the global financial crisis: Weathering the perfect storm?. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 46(s1), pp.333-364. Han, M., 2016. The Global Financial Crisis: The Challenge for Central Banks. In Central Bank Regulation and the Financial Crisis (pp. 40-50). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Lavoie, M. and Stockhammer, E. eds., 2013. Wage-led Growth: An equitable strategy for economic recovery. Springer. Lindquist, E.A., de Vries, J. and Wanna, J., 2015. 1. Meeting the challenge of the global financial crisis in OECD nations: fiscal responses and future challenges. The Global Financial Crisis and its Budget Impacts in OECD Nations: Fiscal Responses and Future Challenges, p.1. Mankiw, N.G., 2016. The GDP and its discontents. Science, 353(6297), pp.356-356. Ollivaud, P. and Turner, D., 2015. The effect of the global financial crisis on OECD potential output. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 2014(1), pp.41-60. Paramati, S.R., Roca, E. and Gupta, R., 2016. Economic integration and stock market dynamic linkages: evidence in the context of Australia and Asia. Applied Economics, pp.1-17. Parker, J.K.M., 2013. Saving neoliberalism: Rudd Labor's response to the 2008 global economic crisis (Doctoral dissertation). Shiller, R.J., 2012. The subprime solution: how today's global financial crisis happened, and what to do about it. Princeton University Press. Subedi, M.N., 2016, March. Effects of macroeconomic policy shock on the labour market dynamics in Australia. In Proceedings of Economics and Finance Conferences (No. 3205612). International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences. Wanna, J., 2015. 4. Australian and New Zealand responses to the fiscal tsunamiof the global financial crisis: preparation and precipitous action with the promise of consolidation. The Global Financial Crisis and its Budget Impacts in OECD Nations: Fiscal Responses and Future Challenges, p.92.